Human Diseases
Dis – ease (without – ease/comfort)
The health of
the human is –vely affected due to
the physiological malfunctioning, psychological reasons or pathogenic
organisms. Sickness, illness, ailment
or disease is a disorder that affects an organism.
Disease can be
defined as an impairment of the normal state of living organisms that disturbs or modifies the performance of the vital functions and is response to environmental factors such as malnutrition, industrial hazards or climatic
to specific infective agents like worms,
protozoan’s, fungi, bacterias and viruses.
Human health is
affected by various factors like
ü
Intrinsic/Internal
factors: Within the body
-Improper functioning of
heart, liver, kidney etc.
ü Extrinsic/External factors: Outside the
body
-By
bacteria, fungi, viruses, worms, protozoans etc.
Bacterial diseases (Little Stick i.e. rod forms)
These are the
diverse group of organisms in nature with single cell which cannot be visible
to naked eye. These are the first forms of the life appeared on the earth about 4 million years ago
and found in different habitats like soil,
water, air and acidic environments.
Bacteria were first identified by
A.V.Leewenhoek (1676) using single
lens microscope later the name bacterium was given by C.G.Ehrenberg (1828).
Bacteria can be
identified by using a technique Gram’s
staining used to differentiate different types of organisms and are
classified in to
ü Gram +ve: Coloured bacteria with cell
wall.
ü Gram –ve: Colorless bacteria without
cell wall.
·
Types/Shapes of bacteria
ü Coccus : Spherical shaped.
ü Bacillus : Rod shaped.
ü Spirillum : Spiral
shaped.
ü Vibrio : Coma shaped.
ü Spirochete : Corkscrew
shaped.
Bacteria are
the infectious agents that attack the body and break down the immune system.
They thrive as large groups of micro organisms leading to life threatening
diseases.
All
bacteria induce the disease in one of these three methods:
ü Production
of exotoxin.
ü Elaboration
of endotoxin.
ü Induction
of sensitivity.
Diseases caused by bacteria in Human beings Disease | Bacteria | Affected part | Transmission | Incubation Period | Symptoms | Treatment(Antibiotics) | Tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Gram +ve , rod shaped) | Lungs & other parts | Sneezing & Coughing (droplets) | 2-6 weeks | Coughing, sputum, chest pains, weight loss etc., | Rifampin, Pyrazinamide | Diphtheria | Corynebacterium diphtheria (Gram +ve , rod shaped) | Nose & throat | Sneezing & Coughing (droplets) | 2 – 10 days | Feeling difficult while breathing & swallowing, double vision, slurred speech,rapid heart beat etc., | Penicillin, Erythromycin | Pertusssis | Bacillus pertussis (Gram +ve , rod shaped) | Respiratory tract | Sneezing & Coughing (droplets) | 7 – 10 days | Mild cough, runny nose(rhinorrhoea), apnea(pause in breathing) etc., | Erythromycin, Clarithromycin | Cholera | Vibrio cholera (Gram -ve , comma shaped) | Digestive tract(small intestine) | Contaminated food/water with feaces | 2 – 6 days | Watery diarrhoea, rapid heartbeat, thirst, muscle pains, dryness of mucous membrane etc., | Doxycycline, Azithromycin | Diarrheal | Escherichia coli (Gram -ve , rod shaped) | Digestive tract(large intestine | Contaminated food/water with feaces | 2 – 14 days | Runny diarrhoea, muscle pains, blood in stool & mucous | Pepto-Bismol, Imodium | Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae (Gram +ve , rod shaped) | Skin, nerves & subcutaneous fat | Physical contact | 20 – 30 years | Muscle weakness, loss of fingers & toes, eye problems. | Dapsone, Thalidomide | Tetanus | Clostridium tetani (Gram +ve , rod shaped) | Wound portions | Wounds | 8 – 12 days | Lock jaw: Stiffness in muscles, rapid heartbeat, drooling, etc., | Diazepam, Clindamycin | Gonorrhea | Neisseria gonorrhea (Gram +ve , cocci shaped) | Urinogenital tract | Sexual practices(mouth, Anus,Penis,Vagina) | 2 – 14 days | Pain during urination, abnormal discharge of semen from penis/vagina etc. | Ceflotriaxone, Azithromycin. | Syphilis | Treponema pallidum (Gram +ve , spirochete shaped) | Urinogenital tract & other parts | Sexual practices | 2 – 3 weeks | Primary stage: chancre at penis/vagina, lips, tongue, anus, lymph glands etc., Secondary stage: Swollen lymph glands, pain in joints etc., Tertiary stage: Dementia, numbness, paralysis, co-ordination problem. | Ceflotriaxone, Azithromycin | Trachoma | Chlamydia trachomatis (Gram -ve, coccishaped) | Eyes | Eye | 5 – 12 days | Cloudy cornea, swollen eye lids, turned-in eye lashes, swollen lymph nodes etc., | Erythromycin, Doxycycline |
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