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Human Diseases - Bacterial
2013-02-23, 9:44 PM

Human Diseases

Dis – ease (without – ease/comfort)

The health of the human is –vely affected due to the physiological malfunctioning, psychological reasons or pathogenic organisms. Sickness, illness, ailment or disease is a disorder that affects an organism.

Disease can be defined as an impairment of the normal state of living organisms that disturbs or modifies the performance of the vital functions and is response to environmental factors such as malnutrition, industrial hazards or climatic to specific infective agents like worms, protozoan’s, fungi, bacterias and viruses.

Human health is affected by various factors like

ü  Intrinsic/Internal factors: Within the body

-Improper functioning of heart, liver, kidney etc.

ü  Extrinsic/External factors: Outside the body

-By bacteria, fungi, viruses, worms, protozoans etc. 

Bacterial disease

    (Little Stick i.e. rod forms)

  •         Bacteria

            These are the diverse group of organisms in nature with single cell which cannot be visible to naked eye. These are the first forms of the life appeared on the earth about 4 million years ago and found in different habitats like soil, water, air and acidic environments.

Bacteria were first identified by A.V.Leewenhoek (1676) using single lens microscope later the name bacterium was given by C.G.Ehrenberg (1828).

Bacteria can be identified by using a technique Gram’s staining used to differentiate different types of organisms and are classified in to

ü  Gram +ve: Coloured bacteria with cell wall.

ü  Gram –ve: Colorless bacteria without cell wall.

·         Types/Shapes of bacteria

ü  Coccus                  :               Spherical shaped.

ü  Bacillus                 :               Rod shaped.

ü  Spirillum               :               Spiral shaped.

ü  Vibrio                    :               Coma shaped.

ü  Spirochete          :               Corkscrew shaped.

 

 

  • Diseases

                Bacteria are the infectious agents that attack the body and break down the immune system. They thrive as large groups of micro organisms leading to life threatening diseases.

                All bacteria induce the disease in one of these three methods:

ü  Production of exotoxin.

ü  Elaboration of endotoxin.

ü  Induction of sensitivity.

Diseases caused by bacteria in Human beings

Disease

Bacteria

Affected part

Transmission

Incubation Period

Symptoms

Treatment(Antibiotics)

Tuberculosis

 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Gram +ve , rod shaped)

Lungs & other parts

Sneezing & Coughing (droplets)

2-6 weeks

Coughing, sputum, chest pains, weight loss etc.,

Rifampin, Pyrazinamide

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheria

(Gram +ve , rod shaped)

Nose & throat

Sneezing & Coughing (droplets)

2 – 10 days

Feeling difficult while breathing & swallowing, double vision, slurred speech,rapid heart beat etc.,

Penicillin, Erythromycin

Pertusssis

Bacillus pertussis

(Gram +ve , rod shaped)

Respiratory tract

Sneezing & Coughing (droplets)

7 – 10 days

Mild cough, runny nose(rhinorrhoea), apnea(pause in breathing) etc.,

Erythromycin, Clarithromycin

Cholera

Vibrio cholera

(Gram -ve , comma shaped)

Digestive tract(small intestine)

Contaminated food/water with feaces

2 – 6 days

Watery diarrhoea, rapid heartbeat, thirst, muscle pains, dryness of mucous membrane   etc.,

Doxycycline, Azithromycin

Diarrheal

Escherichia coli

(Gram -ve , rod shaped)

Digestive tract(large intestine

Contaminated food/water with feaces

2 – 14 days

Runny diarrhoea, muscle pains, blood in stool & mucous

Pepto-Bismol, Imodium

Leprosy

Mycobacterium leprae

(Gram +ve , rod shaped)

Skin, nerves & subcutaneous fat

Physical contact

20 – 30 years

Muscle weakness, loss of fingers & toes, eye problems.

Dapsone, Thalidomide

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani

(Gram +ve , rod shaped)

Wound portions

Wounds

8 – 12 days

Lock jaw: Stiffness in muscles, rapid heartbeat, drooling, etc.,

Diazepam, Clindamycin

Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhea

(Gram +ve , cocci shaped)

Urinogenital tract

Sexual practices(mouth, Anus,Penis,Vagina)

2 – 14 days

Pain during urination, abnormal discharge of semen from penis/vagina etc.

Ceflotriaxone, Azithromycin.

Syphilis

Treponema pallidum

(Gram +ve , spirochete shaped)

Urinogenital tract & other parts

Sexual practices

2 – 3 weeks

Primary stage: chancre at penis/vagina, lips, tongue, anus, lymph glands etc.,

Secondary stage: Swollen lymph glands, pain in joints etc.,

Tertiary stage: Dementia, numbness, paralysis, co-ordination problem.

Ceflotriaxone, Azithromycin

Trachoma

Chlamydia trachomatis 

(Gram -ve, coccishaped)

Eyes

Eye

5 – 12 days

Cloudy cornea, swollen eye lids, turned-in eye lashes, swollen lymph nodes etc.,

Erythromycin, Doxycycline

                                        

 

 

 

 

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